Prescription Drug Misuse in Teens and Young Adults: Rising Trends and Prevention Strategies

Prescription drug misuse among teens and young adults is a severe issue in the United States. Many young people use drugs like opioids, stimulants, and tranquilizers without a doctor’s approval. This can lead to health problems, addiction, and legal trouble.

Data shows that 30.7% of 12th graders reported using cannabis in the past year. While this number has remained the same in recent years, it’s still a concern. Teens and young adults also misuse other prescription drugs.

Young people who use prescription drugs may be at risk for other substance use, too. A study found that among those who used prescription opioids, over 70% had also used alcohol. Understanding why teens misuse drugs and how to prevent it is key to addressing this problem.

Understanding Prescription Drug Misuse

Prescription drug misuse happens when people take medications in ways doctors didn’t intend. This can mean using someone else’s prescription or taking more pills than prescribed.

Common types of misused drugs include:

• Pain relievers (opioids)
• Stimulants
• Sedatives
• Tranquilizers

Young adults ages 18 to 25 have the highest rates of prescription drug misuse. Teens are also at risk.

People might misuse drugs to:

• Get high
• Relieve pain
• Help with sleep
• Improve focus
• Cope with stress

Taking prescription drugs without a doctor’s guidance can be dangerous. It may lead to addiction, overdose, or other health problems.

Prescription opioid misuse is a big concern. These pain relievers can be very addictive. About 14% of high school students reported misusing prescription opioids.

Stimulant misuse is also common among youth. Some think these drugs will help them study better. However, using them without a prescription can be harmful.

It’s important only to take prescription drugs as directed by a doctor. Proper use helps avoid the risks of misuse and abuse.

How Prescription Drug Misuse Occurs

Prescription drug misuse in teens and young adults often begins innocently. Many get their first taste from a legitimate prescription for an injury or illness.

Some young people take pills from family medicine cabinets. Others get them from friends or buy them illegally.

Prescription drug abuse is highest among teens and young adults. Risk factors include:

• Past addictions to other substances
• Mental health issues
• Peer pressure
• Easy access to prescription drugs

The National Survey on Drug Use and Health shows alarming trends. In 2021, 5.1% of people 12 and older misused prescription drugs.

Young adults aged 18-25 have the highest rates of misuse. Many start by taking a friend’s prescription for study aids or pain relief.

Prescription drug misuse often occurs alongside other substance use. Studies show that among young adults who use prescription opioids:

• 50.5% used tobacco
• 70.5% used alcohol
• 43.9% used marijuana

The path to misuse can be gradual. What starts as occasional use can escalate to addiction if not addressed early.

Symptoms and Signs of Prescription Drug Misuse

Prescription drug misuse can lead to substance use disorder and show itself in various ways. Common signs include:

• Taking higher doses than prescribed
• Using someone else’s prescription
• Taking medicine for non-medical reasons

Physical symptoms may involve:

• Drowsiness or confusion
• Slurred speech
• Poor coordination
• Slow breathing

Prescription opioid misuse can cause:

• Constipation
• Nausea
• Feeling high (euphoria)
• Slowed breathing rate

Behavioral changes often occur:

• Seeking prescriptions from multiple doctors
• Mood swings or irritability
• Poor decision-making
• Stealing or forging prescriptions

Sleep problems like insomnia may develop. Anxiety and depression are common mental health effects.

Teens and young adults may show academic or work problems. They might lose interest in hobbies or friends.

Physical signs can include:

• Pinpoint pupils (opioids)
• Frequent nosebleeds (stimulants)
• Sudden weight loss
• Excessive sweating

If several of these signs appear, it may indicate a developing addiction or substance use disorder.

Withdrawal Symptoms of Prescription Drug Misuse

When teens and young adults stop using prescription drugs, they may face withdrawal symptoms. These symptoms can be uncomfortable and sometimes dangerous.

Common withdrawal symptoms include:

• Anxiety
• Irritability
• Nausea and vomiting
• Muscle aches
• Insomnia
• Sweating

The type and severity of symptoms depend on the drug used and how long it was taken. Opioid withdrawal can cause flu-like symptoms. Stimulant withdrawal may lead to depression and fatigue.

Withdrawal from benzodiazepines can be particularly risky. It may cause seizures in some cases. Medical supervision is often needed for safe detox from these drugs.

Teens and young adults may try to avoid withdrawal by continuing drug use. This can lead to a cycle of addiction. Professional help is essential for managing withdrawal safely.

Treatment centers can provide medical support during detox. They use medications and therapies to ease symptoms, making the process more comfortable and increasing the chances of successful recovery.

Parents and caregivers must recognize withdrawal signs. Early intervention can prevent complications and support long-term recovery.

Dangers and Physical Health Problems from Prescription Drug Misuse

Prescription drug misuse can lead to serious health issues for teens and young adults. The risks vary based on the type of drug and how it’s used.

Overdoses constitute a significant danger. They can cause severe breathing problems, coma, or even death. This is especially true for opioids.

Emergency department visits due to prescription drug misuse are common. Many of these cases involve unintentional injuries or accidents while under the influence.

Physical health problems from misuse can include:

• Damage to vital organs like the liver and kidneys
• Heart problems
• Seizures
• Weakened immune system

Opioid misuse carries specific risks. It can lead to slow breathing, confusion, and constipation. Long-term use may cause hormone imbalances and increased pain sensitivity.

Stimulant misuse can result in:

• High blood pressure
• Irregular heartbeat
• High body temperature
• Seizures

Sedative misuse may cause memory problems, slowed breathing, and physical dependence.

Drug interactions are another concern. Mixing prescription drugs or taking them with alcohol can be extremely dangerous.

Prescription drug misuse is a leading cause of death among adolescents. It has contributed significantly to the rise in drug overdose deaths in recent years.

Why Treatment Matters

Getting proper treatment for prescription drug misuse is crucial for teens and young adults. Early intervention can prevent long-term health problems and addiction.

Treatment options vary based on the type of drug misused and the person’s needs.

Some common approaches include:

• Behavioral therapy
• Medication-assisted treatment
• Support groups
• Family counseling

Screening plays a key role in identifying those who need help.

Healthcare providers can use drug and alcohol screening tools to detect misuse early. Medications like naltrexone and buprenorphine can help treat opioid misuse. These drugs reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms.

Brief interventions by doctors or counselors can be effective for mild cases. These short sessions educate patients on risks and encourage positive changes. The healthcare system must work to increase access to treatment.

Many teens and young adults face barriers like cost or lack of nearby services. Protective factors can boost treatment success. These include:

• Strong family support
• Positive peer relationships
• Involvement in school or community activities

Ongoing management is important after initial treatment. Management helps prevent relapse and supports long-term recovery.